1f) The reader's statement is supported by the data so it is a correct inference from the data.

This statement is incorrect. While it is possible there are two problems with it.
One, is that to say that spanking=strictness is an unproven assumption. Some parents spank more out of their own personal mood at the moment than as part of a strict disciplinary strategy so at least for them spanking is not really about being strict in enforcing rules.
Secondly, there is at least one obvious alternative explanation, a PRAH to the reader's, that needs to be considered before you can accept the 1f) statement

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Hypertext tutorial to teach social science experimental design by Don R. Osborn is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License.
Based on a work at cas.bellarmine.edu.
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