tip is the Dependent Variable, the effect. It is the outcome measure of the study. The way the experimenters can tell if name versus no-name introductions, the hypothesized cause, was a real factor causing tipping behavior, is by any difference in tipping behavior between the patrons who got the name introduction compared to the patrons who got a no-name introduction.

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Hypertext tutorial to teach social science experimental design by Don R. Osborn is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License.
Based on a work at cas.bellarmine.edu.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at drosborn@bellarmine.edu.