Iochemicalbay Eneticsgay: ADNAY, ARNAY, andyay Oteinpray Ynthesissay.

INTRODUCTIONyay

     Eneticgay informationyay isyay odedcay orfay inyay ENESGAY, ichwhay inyay urntay areyay omposedcay ofyay ayay ompoundcay alledcay EOXYRIBONUCLEICDAY ACIDyay ("ADNAY" orfay ortshay). Enesgay oday eirthay orkway ybay ellingtay ayay ellcay atwhay ypetay ofyay oteinspray otay akemay. Ostmay ofyay esethay oteinspray areyay enzymesyay andyay eythay ontrolcay attributesyay uchsay asyay eyeyay olorcay, airhay olorcay, andyay ethay abilityyay otay esistray ayay articularpay iseaseday (amongyay otheryay eneticgay AITSTRAY).

     Eukaryoticyay organismsyay, ikelay ourselvesyay, avehay ead-likethray andsstray ofyay ADNAY ilewhay okaryotespray (acteriabay, orfay exampleyay) avehay ircularcay oopslay ofyay ADNAY. Eukaryoticyay ADNAY isyay alsoyay ackagedpay (alongyay ithway oteinspray) inyay ellularcay organellesyay alledcay OMOSOMESCHRAY ilewhay okaryoticpray ADNAY isyay otnay ackagedpay inyay omosomeschray. Omosomeschray  areyay oundfay inyay ethay ucleusnay andyay ontaincay earlynay allyay ethay ADNAY inyay ayay eukaryoticyay ellcay.

     Eoxyribonucleicday acidyay elongsbay otay ayay assclay ofyay organicyay ompoundscay alledcay UCLEICNAY ACIDSyay. Ayay elatedray ompoundcay, IBONUCLEICRAY ACIDyay (ARNAY) isyay alsoyay assifiedclay asyay ayay ucleicnay acidyay. Ibonucleicray acidyay oesday itsyay orkway outsideyay ethay ucleusnay inyay ethay ytoplasmcay. Asyay eway allshay eesay, ARNAY isyay irectlyday involvedyay inyay oteinpray ynthesissay.

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Imulatingsay ADNAY Eplicationray andyay ARNAY Anscriptiontray.

URPOSEPAY: Otay imulatesay eplicationray andyay anscriptiontray usingyay aperpay odelsmay.

ATERIALSMAY EEDEDNAY:

·         Issorsscay.

·         Oneyay icturepay ofyay ayay ADNAY oleculemay ithway Asesbay.

·         Eethray imensionalday odelsmay ofyay ADNAY andyay ARNAY ucturestray.

     Enwhay ayay ellcay ividesday ityay ustmay akemay anyay exactyay eneticgay uplicateday ofyay itselfyay (exceptyay orfay eproductiveray ells-cay eggsyay andyay ermspay, oryay inyay abnormalyay ellcay ivision-day ancerscay, orfay exampleyay). Ifyay ethay opiescay areyay otnay exactyay enthay ethay AUGHTERDAY ELLSCAY oducedpray ybay ethay ivisionday ouldway otnay avehay ethay ompletecay ADNAY instructionsyay otay ynthesizesay enzymesyay orfay etabolismmay. Ethay arentpay ellcay ustmay ereforethay opycay itsyay ADNAY eforebay eproducingray andyay usthay insureyay atthay eachyay aughterday ellcay eceivesray ompletecay eneticgay informationyay. ADNAY akesmay opiescay ofyay itselfyay inyay ethay ucleusnay ofyay ethay ellcay; ayay ocesspray alledcay EPLICATIONRAY (Igfay 1).

IGUREFAY 1. Eplicationray ofyay ADNAY

     Ayay econdsay assclay ofyay ucleicnay acidsyay, ethay ibonucleicray acidsyay (ARNAY) areyay alsoyay anufacturedmay inyay ethay ucleusnay ybay ayay ocesspray ownknay asyay ANSCRIPTIONTRAY. Anscriptiontray

usesyay ethay instructionsyay ofyay ADNAY otay ynthesizesay ARNAY. Erethay areyay eethray avorsflay ofyay ARNAY

andyay, althoughyay eythay areyay ynthesizedsay inyay ethay ucleusnay, eythay oday eirthay orkway outyay inyay

ethay ytoplasmcay (Igfay 2)

IGUREFAY 2 Omparisoncay ofyay Eplicationray, Anscriptiontray, andyay Anslationtray.

     Ayay irdthay ocesspray (ANSLATIONTRAY) isyay ethay easonray orfay allyay isthay eplicationray andyay anscriptiontray: oteinpray ynthesissay. Anslationtray usesyay ARNAY otay ondbay ogethertay aminoyay acidsyay otay ynthesizesay olypeptidespay. Inyay iefbray, ANSFERTRAY ARNAY (AtRNay) ickspay upyay aminoyay acidsyay andyay arriescay emthay otay ethay itesay ofyay oteinpray ynthesissay atyay ethay ibosomeray (Igfay 2). Ethay ibosomesray areyay omposedcay ofyay oteinpray andyay IBOSOMALRAY ARNAY (ArRNay). Erethay ethay instructionsyay orfay akingmay ethay oteinpray areyay eadray omfray ayay andstray ofyay ESSENGERMAY ARNAY (AmRNay). Ethay ansfertray ARNAY enthay eleasesray ethay aminoyay acidyay andyay isyay eefray otay ickpay upyay anotheryay inyay ethay ytoplasmcay.

OCEDUREPRAY:

1-       Eparationpray. Orkway inyay airspay. Ocatelay andyay emoveray oneyay ADNAY emplatetay eetshay omfray oneyay ofyay youray aboratorylay anualsmay. Eparatesay ethay iecespay ybay irstfay uttingcay alongyay ethay eengray ashedday ineslay. Eachyay ersonpay orksway ithway oneyay ofyay ethay asebay eetsshay ilewhay ethay ADNAY oleculemay isyay aredshay.  Eparatesay ethay asesbay ybay uttingcay alongyay ethay ackblay ashedday ineslay andyay enthay aceplay emthay ace-upfay onyay ethay abletay. Eepkay youray asesbay eparatesay omfray osethay ofyay youray artnerpay.

2-       Eneralgay ADNAY ucturestray. Examineyay ethay ibcray eetshay ardcay ithway ethay ucturalstray ormulaefay andyay omparecay otay ethay olorcay awingdray ofyay ethay ADNAY oleculemay, andyay eethray imensionalday isplayday odelmay(say).

   Youray amegay iecespay areyay olor-codedcay asyay ollowsfay:

         Adenineyay: Yellow-Brownay.       .

         Ytosinecay: Eengray.                  Eoxyriboseday: Ayay ackblay entagonpay

         Uaninegay: Ueblay.                     Osphatephay Oupgray (OPAY₄): Anyay ueblay irclecay

         Yminethay: Edray.

3- Eoxyribonucleicday Acidyay Eplicationray. Ethay asebay airingpay etweenbay urinespay andyay yrimidinespay allowsyay ADNAY otay ervesay asyay itsyay ownyay emplatetay otay akemay accurateyay opiescay ofyay itselfyay. Otay aketay advantageyay ofyay ethay asebay airingpay, ADNAY ustmay unwindyay andyay itsplay engthwiselay otay exposeyay ethay asebay airspay onyay eachyay andstray (Igfay 1). Imulatesay ethay initialyay eparationsay ofyay youray ADNAY ybay uttingcay ethay oloredcay ADNAY oleculemay alongyay ethay orangeyay ashedday inelay. Aketay oneyay ofyay ethay ADNAY ainschay

IGUREFAY 3. ADNAY Eplicationray usingyay ethay amegay iecespay.

4- Inglesay ucleotidesnay areyay attractedyay otay ethay operpray exposedyay asesbay onyay ethay ingle-strandedsay ADNAY (Igfay 3). Enzymesyay (ethay ADNAY OLYMERASESPAY) areyay usedyay otay attachyay ethay 3' endyay ofyay ethay eoxyriboseday otay ethay eviouspray osphatephay. Inyay isthay ayway, ayay ewnay ADNAY andstray isyay uiltbay usingyay ethay exposedyay andstray asyay ayay emplatetay.

5- Useyay youray ucleotidenay amegay iecespay otay uildbay ayay ewnay ADNAY oleculemay. Youray andstray ofyay ADNAY illway ervesay asyay ayay emplatetay. Artstay atyay ethay 5' endyay ofyay youray ADNAY emplatetay (ADNAY isyay alwaysyay eadray omfray ethay 5' otay ethay 3' endyay) andyay addyay ucleotidesnay. Airpay upyay yminethay (Edray) ithway adenineyay (yelloway) andyay ytosinecay (eengray) ithway uaninegay (ueblay; Igfay 7). Omparecay youray eplicatedray ADNAY oleculemay ithway atthay ofyay youray ablay artnerpay. Eythay ouldshay avehay identicalyay equencessay; otherwiseyay oneyay ofyay youay ashay     ademay ayay istakemay andyay avehay inadvertentlyyay imulatedsay ayay utationmay. Ecordray youray asebay equencessay inyay ethay esultsray ectionsay.

6- Imulatingsay ayay Utationmay. Inyay isthay exerciseyay ethay oloredcay ADNAY andstray abeledlay orfay ersonpay #1 (ethay oneyay ithway ethay ainplay ueblay osphatesphay) illway ebay usedyay asyay ayay emplatetay orfay eplicationray. Eway illway imulatesay ouryay utationsmay atyay ethay ixthsay asebay omfray ethay 5' endyay (yminethay). Ovemay inyay andyay airpay upyay ivefay ucleotidenay asesbay asyay eforebay (eadray omfray ethay 5' endyay). Atyay ethay ixthsay ositionpay insertyay ayay yminethay insteadyay ofyay ethay orrectcay asebay, andyay enthay ontinuecay youray eplicationray asyay eforebay. Otenay ethay "impleday" inyay youray ouble-strandedday ADNAY. Isthay ypetay ofyay eneticgay amageday isyay ommoncay enwhay ellscay areyay exposedyay otay ighhay evelslay ultravioletyay adiationray. Ultravioletyay ightlay isyay usedyay inyay omesay acterialbay erilizersstay andyay isyay esponsibleray orfay ausingcay unsay urnsbay andyay increasingyay ethay incidenceyay ofyay inskay ancercay inyay umanshay (especiallyyay orfay osethay ofyay youay owhay enjoyyay askingbay ikelay izardslay inyay ethay ummersay unsay). Ethay oubleday yminethay onditioncay isyay alledcay ayay YMINETHAY IMERDAY. Otheryay ypestay ofyay adiationray oryay emicalschay ancay alsoyay ausecay angeschay inyay ethay ADNAY equencesay.

7- Emoveray ethay onglay oloredcay ADNAY andstray andyay enthay useyay youray utatedmay andstray asyay ayay emplatetay orfay urtherfay ADNAY eplicationray. Omparecay youray inishedfay ADNAY oleculemay otay ethay originalyay. Atwhay illway appenhay enwhay ethay utatedmay andstray isyay eplicatedray?  Isthay imulationsay emonstratesday owhay utationsmay ancay ecomebay ixedfay inyay ethay ADNAY. Ecordray youray asebay equencessay inyay ethay esultsray ectionsay.

8- Anscriptiontray ofyay Ibonucleicray Acidyay. ADNAY ervessay otnay onlyyay asyay ayay emplatetay orfay itsyay ownyay eplicationray, utbay alsoyay ovidespray instructionsyay orfay ARNAY ynthesissay. (Anscriptiontray; Igfay 2). Ibonucleicray Acidyay iffersday omfray ADNAY inyay everalsay aysway: Ilewhay ethay ugarsay oleculemay orfay ADNAY isyay eoxyriboseday, atthay orfay ARNAY isyay IBOSERAY. Iboseray iffersday omfray eoxyriboseday inyay ethay ubstitutionsay ofyay ayay ydroxylhay oupgray (OHyay) orfay ayay ydrogenhay (hay; ethay angechay isyay ownshay inyay ioletvay onyay ethay ibcray eetshay). ARNAY isyay oftenyay oundfay inyay ayay ingle-strandedsay ormfay ilewhay ADNAY isyay ostlymay ouble-day     andedstray. ARNAY alsoyay ackslay yminethay (ethay asebay URACILyay isyay ubstitutedsay). Uracilyay isyay     ucturally-relatedstray otay yminethay (ityay isyay ayay ingle-ringedsay yrimidinepay), utbay ityay ashay ayay ydrogenhay insteadyay ofyay ayay ethylmay oupgray (cHay₃) onyay oneyay ofyay ethay ingray arbonscay. (eesay ethay ibcray eetshay).

9- Anscriptiontray ollowsfay ore-or-lessmay ethay amesay equencesay ofyay youay imulatedsay orfay ADNAY eplicationray: ADNAY oleculemay unwindsyay otay exposeyay ayay andstray. Ethay ADNAY emplatetay ofyay oneyay andstray (ethay ANSCRIBEDTRAY ANDSTRAY) isyay eadray inyay ayay 5' otay 3' irectionday. Ethay otheryay ADNAY andstray (ethay ONCODINGNAY ANDSTRAY oryay ONTRANSCRIBEDNAY ANDSTRAY) isyay otnay eadray. Ayay assclay ofyay enzymesyay alledcay "ARNAY olymerasespay" ondbay IBONUCLEOTIDESRAY (iboseray attachedyay otay osphatesphay andyay ayay asebay) otay oneyay anotheryay otay ormfay ingle-strandedsay ARNAY. Ethay ase-pairingbay isyay ethay amesay asyay atthay orfay ADNAY exceptyay atthay adenineyay onyay ethay anscribedtray andstray ofyay ethay ADNAY attractsyay uracilyay  ibonucleotidesray atherray anthay yminethay.

10- Incesay ARNAY anscriptiontray isyay osay imilarsay otay ADNAY eplicationray, eway on'tway otherbay ithway ayay imulationsay. Answeryay ethay uestionsqay andyay exercisesyay inyay ethay esultsray ectionsay.

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Imulatingsay Anslationtray.

URPOSEPAY: Otay imulatesay anslationtray andyay introduceyay ethay udentstay otay ethay eneticgay odecay.

ATERIALSMAY EEDEDNAY:

·         Issorsscay.

·         Olorcay eetshay ofyay AmRNay, AtRNay, andyay asebay odecay abletay

·         Aminoyay acidyay/ibosomeray eetshay

     Ownay atthay youay avehay eensay owhay ADNAY andyay ARNAY areyay ynthesizedsay, eway illway ontinuecay ithway ayay imulationsay ofyay anslationtray (oteinpray ynthesissay).

OCEDUREPRAY:

1- Eparationpray. Ocatelay andyay emoveray ethay olorcay eetshay ofyay essengermay ARNAY (AmRNay), ansfertray ARNAY (AtRNay), asebay odecay abletay, andyay ull-colorfay ouvenirsay ookmarkbay. Alsoyay emoveray ethay aminoyay acidyay/ibosomeray eetshay. Utcay alongyay ethay ashedday ineslay andyay aceplay ethay amegay iecespay ace-upfay. Utcay    ethay oxbay outyay ofyay ethay ibosomeray andyay utcay otway otsslay inyay ethay aperpay asyay indicatedyay.

2- Ecodingday ethay Essagemay andyay Imulatingsay Anslationtray. Eforebay anslationtray ancay ebay    imulatedsay youay ouldshay irstfay understandyay ethay elationshipray etweenbay ethay AmRNay  odonscay andyay AtRNay anticodonsyay. Youay ouldshay alsoyay owknay ethay ocedurepray usedyay otay ecodeday ethay essagemay arriedcay ybay ethay AmRNay (Igfay 4 andyay Asebay Odecay Abletay). Ethay abbreviationsyay orfay ethay aminoyay acidsyay areyay istedlay inyay Abletay 1.

ABLETAY 1. Aminoyay Acidyay Abbreviationsyay.

IGUREFAY 4. Elationshipray etweenbay odonscay, anticodonsyay, andyay ethay eneticgay odecay.

3- Ideslay ethay onglay AmRNay andstray oughthray ethay ight-handray otslay ofyay ethay ibosomeray. Ositionpay ethay artstay odoncay onyay ethay AmRNay (AUGyay) atyay ethay eft-handlay idesay ofyay ethay openyay oxbay onyay ethay ibosomeray (Igfay 5Ayay). Isthay ineslay ethay artstay equencesay (AUGyay) upyay ithway ethay irstfay oovegray onyay ethay ibosomeray. Ethay irstfay AmRNay odoncay (AUGyay) isyay ethay "ARTSTAY" ommandcay andyay orrespondscay otay ethay aminoyay acidyay ethioninemay (Igfay 4, Asebay Odecay Abletay). Ethay AtRNay atthay interactsyay ithway ayay AUGyay odoncay isyay oneyay ithway anyay anticodonyay equencesay ofyay UACyay (Igfay 5Ayay). Inyay isthay iagramday ethay UACyay AtRNay isyay ownshay    ithway anyay attachedyay ethioninemay. Ityay isyay inyay ositionpay atyay ethay irstfay oovegray ofyay ethay ibosomeray andyay isyay inedlay upyay ithway ethay artstay odoncay onyay ethay AmRNay. Atyay isthay ointpay youay avehay imulatedsay activationyay ofyay ethay ibosomeray andyay oteinpray ynthesissay ancay ontinuecay (activationyay isyay actuallyyay oremay omplexcay anthay isthay; eesay youray exttay orfay etailsday).

IGUREFAY 5. Eadingray ethay eneticgay odecay.

4- Etermineday ethay extnay aminoyay acidyay equiredray inyay ethay equencesay ybay ecodingday ethay extnay eethray asesbay. Inyay ouryay exampleyay ethay AGCAY odoncay orrespondscay otay ethay aminoyay acidyay alanineyay (aypay attentionyay onlyyay otay ethay exttay iguresfay atyay isthay imetay, otnay ethay oloredcay amegay iecespay). Ayay AtRNay ithway ayay omplimentarycay UCGAY anticodonyay isyay ickedpay omfray ethay AtRNay oolpay, andyay isyay usedyay otay ansfertray anyay alanineyay otay ethay econdsay oovegray (Igfay 5Ayay,bay; Igfay 4). Enwhay ethay ethioninemay andyay alanineyay areyay oughtbray oseclay otay oneyay anotheryay, enzymesyay onnectcay ethay otway aminoyay acidsyay andyay eleaseray ayay    oleculemay ofyay aterway. Ayay ydrogenhay (hay) andyay ydroxylhay oupgray (OHyay) areyay etsay offyay omfray youray aminoyay acidyay amegay iecespay ybay ottedday ineslay otay emindray youay ofyay isthay. Otenay atthay, ikelay ADNAY, ethay AmRNay isyay eadray omfray ethay 5' otay ethay 3' endyay.

5- Ollowingfay ethay ormationfay ofyay ayay ondbay etweenbay ethay otway aminoyay acidsyay, ethay "olderyay" ofyay ethay otway AstRNay uncouplesyay omfray itsyay aminoyay acidyay andyay eaveslay ethay ibosomeray (Igfay 5). Ethay ewly-releasednay AtRNay ancay ickpay upyay anotheryay aminoyay acidyay ofyay ethay operpray ypetay andyay ebay e-usedray. Ethay ibosomeray idesslay owardtay ethay 3' endyay ofyay ethay AmRNay andstray andyay exposesyay ethay extnay odoncay onyay ethay AmRNay andyay ayay irdthay AtRNay ithway anyay ethay operpray anticodonyay andyay attachedyay aminoyay acidyay isyay ovedmay inyay (Igfay 5Ayay). Isthay ocesspray ontinuescay (Igfay 5bay) untilyay ethay entireyay AmRNay andstray isyay eadray andyay ayay    opstay odecay isyay encounteredyay (UAAyay inyay ouryay exampleyay). Ethay olypeptidepay andyay AmRNay areyay enthay eleasedray andyay aymay ebay e-usedray (isthay ependsday onyay ethay organismyay)

6- Unray oughthray ethay anslationtray imulationsay asyay escribedday aboveyay. Useyay Iguresfay 2, 4, andyay 5 asyay uidesgay. Ethay olorcay odescay ollowfay ethay amesay atternpay asyay youray ADNAY eplicationray imulationsay:

    Adenineyay: Ioletvay.    Uaninegay: Ueblay.    Ytosinecay: Eengray.    Uracilyay: Edray.

ARNAY anticodonsyay ustmay alwaysyay atchmay upyay ithway ethay odoncay onyay ethay AmRNay. Adenineyay (ioletvay) airspay ithway Uracilyay (edray) ilewhay ethay ueblay uaninegay andyay eengray ytosinecay ormfay ayay airpay. Ethay asebay odecay abletay isyay alsoyay olorcay odedcay. Ememberray atthay ethay asebay odecay abletay isyay eyedkay otay ethay odoncay onyay ethay AmRNay, otnay ethay anticodonyay onyay ethay ArRNay. Ecordray ethay esultingray equencesay ofyay aminoyay acidsyay inyay ethay esultsray ectionsay andyay answeryay ethay appropriateyay uestionsqay.

EPORTRAY ECTIONSAY

ybay __________________________________

Otay ompletecay youray assignmentyay orfay isthay exerciseyay, illfay inyay allyay ethay informationyay

equestedray inyay ethay ESULTSRAY ectionsay, eartay outyay atyay ethay erforationspay andyay andhay inyay.

Isthay onstitutescay youray Aboratorylay Eportray orfay isthay Experimentyay.

ESULTSRAY

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Imulatingsay ADNAY Eplicationray andyay ARNAY Anscriptiontray.

Eoxyribonucleicday Acidyay Eplicationray. Ecordray ethay equencesay ofyay asesbay orfay othbay andsstray ofyay youray eplicatedray ADNAY oleculemay andyay atthay ofyay youray artnerpay.

Areyay ethay asebay equencessay ofyay ethay otway ADNAY oleculesmay equivalentyay otay eachyay otheryay andyay

ethay originalyay? _______________________________________________________________

Imulatingsay ayay Utationmay. Ecordray ethay equencessay orfay othbay utatedmay ADNAY oleculesmay.

Areyay esethay equencessay ifferentday omfray ethay originalyay? ____________________________

Atwhay illway allyay uturefay ADNAY oleculesmay eplicatedray omfray ethay aboveyay airpay ooklay ikelay (assumingyay atthay erethay areyay onay urtherfay utationsmay)? _________________________________________________

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Anscriptiontray ofyay Ibonucleicray Acidyay. Owshay atthay youay understandyay ethay elationshipray etweenbay ADNAY andyay ARNAY ybay illingfay inyay ethay anksblay elowbay ethay ADNAY andstray ithway ayay operlypray anscribedtray oleculemay ofyay ARNAY (ememberray uracilyay):

  3'                 Ingle-strandedsay ADNAY otay ebay anscribedtray                                     5'

   A---C-----G---G---G-----T---T---T------C---A---T-------G---G---C----A---T---CT---AY

 ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___   ___ ___ ___    ___ ___ ___    ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___

5' endyay          <-Odoncay 2->  <-Odoncay 3->  <-Odoncay 4->  <-Odoncay 5->       3' endyay

ofyay ARNAY                                                                                                            ofyay ARNAY

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Imulatingsay Anslationtray.

Ecodingday ethay Essagemay andyay Imulatingsay Anslationtray.

Assumeyay atthay ethay ARNAY youay anscribedtray inyay ethay eviouspray uestionqay isyay essengermay ARNAY.

Ecodeday ethay odonscay orfay ethay aboveyay asebay equencesay andyay indicateyay ethay esultingray

olypeptidepay:

 ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________

Eway illway allcay isthay eptidepay "ENZYMEyay 1"

Onsequencescay ofyay Utationsmay atyay ethay Evellay ofyay ADNAY. Inyay isthay ectionsay youay illway imulatesay ethay effectsyay ofyay ayay ADNAY utationmay onyay anslationtray. Ethay underlinedyay asesbay ofyay ethay ADNAY oleculemay inyay ethay eviouspray ectionsay atthay anscribetray odonscay otway andyay eethray ofyay ethay aboveyay AmRNay oleculemay illway ebay affectedyay.

Artingstay ithway ethay ollowingfay utatedmay inglesay andstray ofyay ADNAY, indicateyay ethay AmRNay atthay ouldway ebay anscribedtray andyay ethay oteinpray atthay ouldway ebay anslatedtray (anyay adenineyay ashay eenbay ubstitutedsay orfay ethay irdthay asebay (uaninegay) atthay anscribestray orfay AmRNay odoncay 2):

  3'                           Ingle-strandedsay ADNAY otay ebay anscribedtray                          5'

   A----C----G---G---A----T----T---T----C---A----T----G---G---C-----AT---AY—t---Cay

 ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___

5' endyay        <-Odoncay 2->  <-Odoncay 3->  <-Odoncay 4->  <-Odoncay 5->       3' endyay

ofyay AmRNay                                                                                                     ofyay AmRNay

                           Oteinpray Anslatedtray omfray ethay Aboveyay AmRNay                   

 ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________

Eway illway allcay isthay eptidepay "ENZYMEyay 2".

Oesday ethay oteinpray ademay omfray ethay utatedmay andstray (ENZYMEyay 2) ifferday omfray ethay unmutatedyay oteinpray (ENZYMEyay 1)? Areyay erethay anyyay asebay ubstitutionssay atthay ancay ebay ademay atyay ositionpay eethray atthay illway affectyay enzymeyay activityyay? Explainyay. ________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

Assumeyay atthay ethay irstfay asebay odingcay orfay ethay irdthay odoncay (yminethay) ashay eenbay exchangedyay orfay anyay adenineyay:

  3'                        Ingle-strandedsay ADNAY otay ebay anscribedtray                          5'

  A---C----G---G---A----A----T---T-----C---A----T----G---G---C----A---T---CT----AY

 ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___

5' endyay        <-Odoncay 2->  <-Odoncay 3->  <-Odoncay 4->  <-Odoncay 5->       3' endyay

ofyay AmRNay                                                                                                ofyay AmRNay

                           Oteinpray Anslatedtray omfray ethay Aboveyay AmRNay                   

 ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________

Oday youay inkthay isthay irdthay enzymeyay illway ebay unctionalfay (ywhay oryay ywhay otnay)? _________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

Orkingway Ackwardsbay. Ayay oteinpray isyay equencedsay andyay oundfay otay avehay ethay ollowingfay orderyay ofyay aminoyay acidsyay:

        Ethionine-Proline-Glycine-Cysteine-Alanine-Valinemay

Indicateyay ayay ossiblepay AmRNay odoncay equencesay atthay aymay avehay oducedpray isthay oteinpray:

 ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___

5' endyay        <-Odoncay 2->  <-Odoncay 3->  <-Odoncay 4->  <-Odoncay 5->       3' endyay

ofyay AmRNay                                                               ofyay AmRNay

Indicateyay ethay asebay equencesay ofyay ethay ADNAY andstray atthay anscribedtray youray AmRNay

andstray:

 ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___

3' endyay                                                                 5' endyay

ofyay ADNAY                                                                 ofyay ADNAY

Andyay, ustjay otay inishfay ingsthay upyay, atwhay oesday ethay otheryay andstray ofyay youray ADNAY ooklay

ikelay?

 ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___  ___ ___ ___

5' endyay                                                                 3' endyay

ofyay ADNAY                                                                 ofyay ADNAY