ABLAY 3 ANIMALyay IVERSITYDAY IIyay: ASSORTEDyay ORMSWAY

INTRODUCTIONyay

            Embersmay ofyay ethay ylaphay Atyhelminthesplay, Ematodanay, andyay Otiferaray avehay ayay ermiformvay (ormlikeway apeshay) andyay areyay ethay irstfay inyay isthay anualmay otay avehay ayay irdthay ayerlay ofyay ellscay (ethay esodermmay) insteadyay ofyay ustjay ethay epidermisyay andyay astrodermisgay asyay inyay idarianscnay. Ethay esodermmay oducespray uscularmay ayerslay, anyay excretoryyay ystemsay, andyay anyay elaborateyay eproductiveray ystemsay. Ethay ematodesnay andyay otifersray, alongyay ithway omesay otheryay inormay ylaphay, areyay ometimessay eferredray otay asyay ethay "aschelminthsyay."

 Ethay atyhelminthsplay andyay aschelminthsyay avehay ilateralbay ymmetrysay (Oxbay Ayay.2) andyay eetmay ethay environmentyay inyay ayay oremay aggressiveyay, ead-onhay ashionfay anthay ethay adiateray animalsyay. Ephalizationcay, ayay ecializationspay ofyay ethay anterioryay endyay ofyay ethay animalyay, ancay ebay eensay inyay ethay usteringclay ofyay ensorysay ucturesstray andyay umpsclay ofyay ervesnay (angliagay oryay "ainsbray") inyay ethay eadhay egionray. Anymay ofyay ethay elaborationsyay youay illway eesay areyay elatedray otay increasesyay inyay obilitymay, igherhay activityyay, andyay eneralgay increaseyay inyay esponsivenessray ofyay ethay animalsyay.

            Ethay odybay avitiescay ofyay esethay andyay ucceedingsay ylaphay avehay ecomebay oremay omplexcay oughthray ethay additionyay ofyay ecializedspay internalyay organsyay. Ethay uidflay inyay ethay odybay avitycay aymay actyay asyay ayay ydrostatichay eletonskay, ayay itesay orfay ethay ollectioncay ofyay astesway oryay ametesgay, andyay/oryay asyay ayay imitivepray irculatorycay ystemsay. Atwormsflay (Ylumphay Atyhelminthesplay) avehay eirthay odybay avitiescay ooselylay illedfay ithway ellscay andyay areyay aidsay otay exhibityay anyay acoelomateyay odybay anplay (Oxbay 3.1). Ethay aschelminthyay ylaphay, oweverhay, avehay ayay uid-filledflay avitycay andyay ayay eudo-coelomatepsay odybay anplay.

EXERCISEyay 3.1. Ylumphay Atyhelminthesplay: Anyay Acoelomateyay Odybay Anplay.

ATERIALSMAY EEDEDNAY:

·         Eparedpray Idesslay:

§    Assclay Urbellariatay: Ugesiaday (wmay ithway astrovasculargay avitycay ainedstay; osscray ectionssay ofyay eethray odybay egionsray).

§    Assclay Ematodatray: Inesechay iverlay ukeflay (wmay, Opisthorchisyay inensissay = Onorchisclay inensissay).

§    Assclay Estodacay: apewormtay osscray ectionssay (Aeniatay oryay Aeniarhynchustay spay.).

·         Ivinglay Aterialmay:

§    Assclay Urbellariatay: Anariansplay (Ugesiaday spay.): Otway ialsvay, oneyay abeledlay "Edfay Anariansplay," ethay otheryay "Onfednay Anariansplay," eachyay illedfay ithway eshfray ingwaterspray. Emoveray ethay onfednay anariansplay omfray accessyay otay oodfay orfay everalsay aysday. Allsmay iecespay ofyay eshfray iverlay oryay oiledbay eggyay yolksay ancay ebay usedyay otay observeyay eedingfay.

·         Ompoundcay andyay issectingday icroscopesmay, eyeyay oppersdray, atchway assglay, issectingday eedlesnay.

·         Emonstrationday Aterialmay:

§    Assclay Urbellariatay: eservedpray ecimensspay.

§    Assclay Ematodatray: ideslay etsay ukeflay evelopmentday (agesstay ofyay Igurefay 3.4), eepshay iverlay ukeflay (Asciolafay epaticahay), andyay oodblay ukesflay (uchsay asyay Istosomaschay ansonimay).

§    Assclay Estodacay: eservedpray aturemay apewormstay andyay examplesyay omfray eirthay ifelay yclescay.

§    Otheryay Eudocoelspsay: Astrotrichsgay (ivelay oryay idesslay).

 

            Atyhelminthsplay areyay ommonlycay ownknay asyay "atwormsflay," owingyay otay eirthay almostyay aper-thinpay ucturestray. Eirthay igestiveday ystemsay (ifyay esentpray) isyay incompleteyay, andyay eythay ossesspay onlyyay ayay outhmay. Ameflay ellscay areyay oftenyay esentpray asyay artpay ofyay anyay osmoregulatoryyay ystemsay, andyay allyay embersmay avehay ayay ongyspay odybay ucturestray (anyay acoelomateyay odybay anplay). Eethray assesclay illway ebay overedcay inyay isthay aboratorylay. Embersmay ofyay oneyay assclay (ethay urbellariatay) areyay ee-livingfray, ilewhay ethay otheryay otway assesclay (ematodatray andyay estodacay) areyay obligateyay arasitespay.

 

OCEDUREPRAY:

1. Assclay Urbellariatay: Externalyay Ucturestray. Inyay isthay exerciseyay youay illway examineyay ayay anarianplay (Ugesiaday) asyay anyay exampleyay ofyay ethay Assclay Urbellariatay. Ikelay ostmay embersmay ofyay isthay assclay, anariansplay areyay aquaticyay (ethay ajoritymay, oweverhay, areyay arinemay, atherray anthay eshwaterfray, asyay isyay youray organismyay). Anariansplay areyay oundfay inyay eanclay eamsstray, ondspay, andyay akeslay (usuallyyay underyay ocksray). Obtainyay ayay olewhay ountmay ofyay Ugesiaday (ainedstay otay emphasizeyay ethay astrovasculargay avitycay) andyay ocusfay underyay anscay owerpay (oryay useyay ayay issectingday icroscopemay ifyay youray ecimenspay isyay ootay argelay). Examineyay youray ecimenspay andyay attemptyay otay identifyyay ethay ucturesstray indicatedyay inyay Igurefay 3.1. Ethay igestiveday ystemsay onsistscay ofyay ayay indblay utgay, ithway ethay outhmay ocatedlay atyay ethay iptay ofyay ayay uscularmay arynxphay. Isthay unkliketray organyay ancay ebay etractedray intoyay ayay uccalbay avitycay enwhay ethay animalyay isyay otnay eedingfay. Ethay arynxphay eadslay otay eethray anchesbray ofyay ethay astrovasculargay avitycay (oneyay irectedday anteriorlyyay, ethay otheryay otway osteriorlypay). Allsmay ibutariestray (iverticuladay) anchbray omfray ethay ainmay astrovasculargay avitycay andyay arrycay utrientsnay irectlyday otay ellscay atyay ethay eripherypay ofyay ethay animalyay. Otenay atthay ethay igestiveday ystemsay isyay incompleteyay (erethay isyay onay anusyay). Anyay excretoryyay ystemsay unctionsfay ainlymay inyay osmoregulationyay andyay aymay ebay arelybay isiblevay ifyay youay arefullycay adjustyay youray illuminationyay. Indfay ethay eyespotsyay andyay auriclesyay atyay ethay anterioryay endyay ofyay youray ecimenspay. Ethay eyespotsyay ovidepray ethay anarianplay onlyyay ethay irectionday ofyay anyay illuminationyay ourcesay, otnay anyay imageyay. Anariansplay ypicallytay useyay isthay informationyay otay avoidyay ightlay (eythay areyay egativelynay ototacticphay). Ethay auriclesyay areyay alsoyay ensorysay ucturesstray, ovidingpray ouchtay, astetay, andyay ayay ensesay ofyay avitygray. Unlessyay youray ecimenspay isyay eciallyspay ainedstay otay emonstrateday ethay ervousnay ystemsay, ethay ainbray (oryay angliongay) andyay ervenay ordcay illway obablypray otnay ebay isiblevay. Akemay ayay etchskay ofyay youray ecimenspay andyay abellay ityay inyay ethay acespay ovidedpray inyay ethay Esultsray Ectionsay. Examineyay ethay emonstrationday aterialmay orfay otheryay embersmay ofyay isthay assclay.

2. Assclay Urbellariatay: Internalyay Ucturestray. Examineyay ayay ideslay ithway osscray ectionssay oughthray ethay anterioryay, osteriorpay, andyay aryngealphay egionsray ofyay ayay anarianplay (allyay eethray ectionssay areyay usuallyyay ocatedlay onyay ethay amesay ideslay, oneyay aboveyay ethay otheryay). Ocatelay ethay ectionsay utcay oughthray ethay arynxphay underyay anscay, andyay enthay examineyay underyay owlay andyay ighhay owerpay. Identifyyay ethay ucturesstray ownshay inyay Igurefay 3.2. Iverticuladay ancay ebay ifferentiatedday omfray ethay ainmay anchesbray ofyay ethay astrovasculargay avitycay ybay eirthay allersmay izesay andyay ocationlay. Ownay urntay youray attentionyay otay ethay ectionssay oughthray ethay anterioryay (ithway oneyay anchbray ofyay ethay astrovasculargay avitycay) andyay osteriorpay (otway anchesbray) ectionssay. Iagramday andyay abellay eirthay ucturesstray usingyay Igurefay 3.2 asyay ayay uidegay. Useyay youray ecturelay exttay otay etermineday ethay eneralgay unctionsfay orfay eachyay abeledlay ucturestray.

3. Assclay Urbellariatay: Examinationyay ofyay ayay Ivinglay Anarianplay. Orkway inyay oupsgray ofyay otway orfay isthay ectionsay. Ashway andyay inseray ayay atchway assglay andyay enthay useyay anyay eyeyay opperdray otay entlygay ansfertray ayay anarianplay otay ethay ottombay ofyay ethay ontainercay (emoveray youray animalyay omfray ethay ontainercay abeledlay "onfednay"). Useyay ayay issectingday icroscopemay oryay andhay enslay otay observeyay ethay ehaviorbay ofyay youray ecimenspay (ecordray youray observationsyay inyay ethay Esultsray Ectionsay). Owhay oesday youray ecimenspay appearyay otay ovemay? Useyay ayay issectingday eedlenay andyay entlygay ouchtay youray ecimenspay. Omparecay ethay esponsesray ofyay ethay animalyay enwhay ouchedtay atyay ethay osteriorpay endyay ersusvay ayay ightlay ouchtay onyay ethay auricleyay. Atwhay oday youay oncludecay omfray ethay animal'syay esponseray? Ifyay youay ipflay youray ecimenspay overyay, oesday ityay ightray itselfyay? Overcay alfhay ofyay ethay atchway assglay ithway ayay ardcay, andyay enthay illuminateyay youray animalyay omfray aboveyay. Escribeday ethay orientationyay ofyay ethay animalyay otay ethay evellay ofyay illuminationyay (oesday ityay ovemay aightstray owardtay ethay eferredpray illuminationyay, oryay oesday ityay aketay ayay eanderingmay outeray?). Emoveray ethay ightlay arrierbay andyay introduceyay ayay allsmay iecepay ofyay insedray awray iverlay (oryay eggyay yolkay) otay ethay idesay ofyay ethay arenayay oppositeyay ethay anarianplay. Escribeday ethay outeray akentay ybay ethay anarianplay owardtay ethay oodfay ourcesay. Atwhay ypetay ofyay ovementsmay oesday ethay eadhay akemay? Atwhay oday youay inkthay isyay ethay ignificancesay ofyay esethay eadhay ovementsmay? Escribeday ethay anarian'splay initialyay eedingfay (oryay atthay ofyay anotheryay oup'sgray organismyay ifyay yoursay idday otnay eedfay). Eturnray youray animalyay otay ethay ontainercay arkedmay "Edfay Anariansplay."

 

 

 

IGUREFAY 3.1. UCTURESTRAY OFyay Ayay URBELLARIANTAY (Ugesiaday spay.).

 

 

 

IGUREFAY 3.2. YPICALTAY OSSCRAY ECTIONSAY OUGHTHRAY ETHAY ARYNGEALPHAY EGIONRAY OFyay Ayay URBELLARIANTAY (Ugesiaday spay.).

 

 

IGUREFAY 3.3. AJORMAY ORGANSyay ANDyay YSTEMSSAY INyay ANyay ADULTyay INESECHAY IVERLAY UKEFLAY (Opisthorchisyay inensissay).

IGUREFAY 3.4. ARASITICPAY IFELAY YCLECAY OFyay ETHAY INESECHAY IVERLAY UKEFLAY. Ethay adultsyay ivelay inyay ethay ilebay uctsday ofyay ethay imarypray osthay (umanhay). Otway intermediateyay ostshay areyay infectedyay ybay arvaelay: ailssnay (ethay irstfay intermediateyay osthay) andyay ishfay (econdsay intermediateyay osthay).

 

4. Assclay Ematodatray: Eneralgay Ucturestray ofyay ayay Ukeflay. Examineyay ayay olewhay ountmay ofyay ethay Inesechay iverlay ukeflay Opisthorchisyay inensissay (aymay ebay abeledlay "Onorchisclay inensissay") underyay anningscay owerpay (Igurefay 3.3). Adultyay iverlay ukesflay ivelay inyay ethay allsmay ilebay uctsday ofyay ethay iverlay inyay anmay (ethay imarypray oryay efinitiveday osthay; allyay embersmay ofyay isthay assclay areyay arasiticpay). Eythay akemay eirthay ivingslay inyay esethay uctsday ybay uckingsay ethay ost'shay oodblay. It'syay ayay irtyday objay, utbay omeonesay ashay otay oday ityay. Eythay aymay ersistpay orfay anymay yearsay ausingcay anemiayay andyay ockageblay ofyay ethay uctsday. Ikelay Ugesiaday, ethay iverlay ukeflay isyay onoeciousmay andyay ashay alemay andyay emalefay eproductiveray ystemssay.

5. Assclay Ematodatray: Arasiticpay Ifelay Yclecay. Obtainyay ayay ideslay etsay illustratingyay ethay ifelay yclecay ofyay ethay Inesechay iverlay ukeflay. Examineyay ethay idesslay underyay ethay appropriateyay agnificationmay ilewhay eferringray otay Igurefay 3.4. Eggsyay asspay outyay ithway ethay imarypray ost'shay ecesfay andyay eventuallyyay ontaminatecay aterway, erewhay eythay areyay ingestedyay ybay ailssnay (ethay irstfay intermediateyay osthay). Ethay eggsyay atchhay ithinway ethay ail'ssnay utgay andyay evelopday intoyay iracidiamay atthay urrowbay intoyay ethay allsway ofyay ethay ail'ssnay igestiveday acttray. Ithinway esethay issuestay ethay iracidiummay isyay ansformedtray intoyay ayay orocystspay. Ethay orcystspay evelopsday internalyay amberschay; andyay, ithinway eachyay amberchay, ayay ediaray evelopsday asexuallyyay. Eachyay ofyay ethay ediaray isyay alsoyay amberedchay andyay asexuallyyay oducespray ayay umbernay ofyay internalizedyay ercariacay. Ethay ercariacay avehay inishedfay eirthay evelopmentday ithinway ethay irstfay intermediateyay osthay, osay eythay enthay urrowbay outyay ofyay ethay ailsnay andyay ecomebay ee-swimmingfray. Usthay, ifyay ayay inglesay iracidiummay isyay ingestedyay ybay ayay ailsnay, everalsay undredhay ercariacay ancay ebay iberatedlay. Ethay ercariacay enthay eeksay outyay ayay econdsay intermediateyay osthay (ayay ishfay) andyay urrowbay oughthray ethay ish'sfay inskay. Onceyay inyay ethay ish'sfay usclesmay eythay oselay eirthay ailstay andyay encystyay (ethay encystedyay ormfay isyay alledcay ayay etacercariamay). Enwhay awray oryay oorlypay ookedcay ishfay isyay eatenyay ethay youngay ukesflay areyay eleasedray omfray eirthay ystscay ybay igestiveday uicesjay inyay ethay omachstay. Onceyay outyay ofyay ethay omachstay eythay akemay eirthay ayway upyay ethay ommoncay ilebay uctday otay ethay iverlay erewhay eythay attachyay andyay ucksay ethay ost'shay oodblay. Inyay omesay areasyay ofyay Inachay ethay incidenceyay ofyay arasitismpay inyay anmay isyay oseclay otay 100%. Atwhay adaptationsyay ancay youay istlay orfay ethay iverlay uke'sflay arasiticpay ifestylelay? Oday youay ikelay ushisay?

IGUREFAY 3.5. AJORMAY ORGANSyay ANDyay EXTERNALyay UCTURESSTRAY ALONGyay ETHAY ENGTHLAY OFyay Ayay APEWORMTAY (ASSCLAY ESTODACAY).

 

6. Assclay Ematodatray: Otheryay Arasitespay ofyay Anmay andyay Omesticday Animalsyay. Examineyay ethay emonstrationsday ofyay otheryay ematodetray arasitespay. Youay aymay eesay ethay eepshay iverlay ukeflay (Asciolafay epaticahay) andyay ayay oodblay ukeflay (uchsay asyay Istosomaschay ansonimay). Ethay ifelay yclecay orfay ethay eepshay iverlay ukeflay isyay imilarsay otay atthay escribedday orfay ethay Inesechay iverlay ukeflay. Oodblay ukesflay areyay esponsibleray orfay oneyay ofyay ethay ostmay ommoncay andyay evastatingday ofyay umanhay arasiticpay iseasesday (istosomiasisschay). Unlikeyay ostmay ofyay ethay ematodestray, Istosomaschay areyay ioeciousday, andyay alesmay andyay emalesfay enjoyyay anyay easyyay ifelay ofyay almostyay ontinuouscay opulationcay ithinway ethay ost'shay irculationcay (ethay emalefay itsfay inyay ayay oovegray inyay ethay idesay ofyay ethay alemay). Eggsyay eakbray outyay ofyay ethay irculatorycay ystemsay andyay enteryay ethay intestineyay erewhay eythay ontaminatecay ethay ecesfay. Ethay esultingray arvaelay infectyay ethay intermediateyay osthay (ayay articularpay eciesspay ofyay ailsnay) andyay undergoyay aturationmay. Enwhay ethay arvaelay eavelay ethay ailsnay eythay enteryay ethay imarypray osthay ybay urrowingbay oughthray ethay inskay. Onceyay inyay ethay irculatorycay ystemsay eythay inishfay eirthay evelopmentday inyay ethay earthay andyay ungslay (oftenyay oingday extensiveyay amageday) eforebay ettingsay upyay esidenceray inyay ethay ost'shay intestinalyay einsvay.

7. Assclay Estodacay: Apewormtay Ucturestray andyay Ifelay Yclecay. Examineyay ayay ideslay ithway olewhay ountmay ectionssay ofyay ayay apewormtay (uchsay asyay Aeniatay oryay Aeniarhynchustay spay.). Incesay ayay aturemay apewormtay ancay ebay eryvay onglay (omesay eciesspay asyay uchmay asyay 40 eetfay), ideslay eparationspray usuallyyay avehay ourfay epresentativeray odybay ectionssay atherray anthay anyay entireyay animalyay. Ocusfay asyay ecessarynay otay identifyyay ethay ucturesstray epictedday inyay Igurefay 3.5. Ethay allestsmay ofyay ethay ectionssay isyay ethay eadhay endyay (oryay olexscay) ofyay ethay animalyay. Ethay olexscay angshay onyay otay ethay inneryay allsway ofyay ethay ost'shay intestineyay ithway ayay ombinationcay ofyay ookshay andyay uckerssay. Apewormstay ompletelycay acklay ayay igestiveday acttray, andyay unlikeyay ethay ukesflay oday otnay ucksay ethay ost'shay odybay uidsflay (insteadyay, eythay eedfay ybay absorbingyay edigestedpray utrientsnay omfray ethay ost'shay utgay.)¹ Orfay isthay easonray apewormstay oftenyay avehay onlyyay inormay ysiologicalphay effectsyay onyay ethay osthay. Odybay ectionssay alledcay oglottidspray udbay offyay omfray ayay ecknay egionray atyay ethay asebay ofyay ethay eadhay. Asyay ethay oglottidspray

 

 

 

IGUREFAY 3.6. ANATOMYyay OFyay Ayay EMALEFAY EMATODENAY, Ascarisyay umbricoideslay.

 

aturemay eythay ovemay awayyay omfray ethay olexscay (ereforethay osethay atyay ethay eadhay endyay areyay immatureyay ilewhay olderyay egmentssay areyay ocatedlay earnay ethay endyay ofyay ethay ailtay). Eachyay oglottidpray ontainscay ayay ompletecay etsay ofyay alemay andyay emalefay eproductiveray organsyay (andyay ittlelay elseyay). Examineyay ethay emonstrationday aterialmay owingshay ethay emainingray agesstay ofyay ayay apewormtay ifelay yclecay. Usingyay ethay eefbay apewormtay (Aeniarhynchustay aginatussay) asyay anyay exampleyay, ertilizationfay occursyay inyay anyay infectedyay uman'shay intestinesyay. Ethay erminaltay (aturemay) oglottidspray ontainingcay ertilizedfay eggsyay eakbray offyay andyay areyay eliminatedyay ithway ethay ost'shay ecesfay. Ifyay attlecay oryay eepshay ingestsyay ethay ontaminatedcay ecesfay (othbay areyay ossiblepay intermediateyay ostshay), eythay evelopday intoyay oconosphereyay arvaelay. Ethay oconospheresyay urrowbay intoyay ethay animal'syay irculatorycay ystemsay andyay areyay eventuallyyay epositedday inyay ethay ow'scay eletalskay usclesmay erewhay eythay encystyay intoyay adderblay ormsway (ysticercuscay arvaelay). Ifyay insufficientlyyay ookedcay eatmay infectedyay ithway adderblay ormsway ("easlymay" eefbay) isyay ingestedyay, ethay adderblay ormsway emergeyay, attachyay otay ethay ost'shay intestinesyay, andyay evelopday intoyay aturemay apewormstay. Otheryay eciesspay ommonlycay usedyay inyay eneralgay iologybay aboratorieslay includeyay ethay orkpay apetay ormway (Aeniatay oliumsay) andyay atcay oryay ogday apewormtay (Aeniatay isiformispay).

8. Otheryay Udocoelomatespsay: Ylumphay Astrotrichagay. Astrotrichsgay elongbay otay ayay allsmay ylumphay ofyay esslay anthay 500 eciesspay. Eythay areyay ee-livingfray ermiformvay animalsyay ithway iliatedcay elliesbay ("astrogay" = ellybay, "ichtray" = airhay oryay inespay). Astrotrichsgay areyay indiscriminateyay eedersfay, atthay ucksay upyay eadday oryay ivinglay organismsyay ithway ayay umpingpay arynxphay atthay eadslay otay ayay ompletecay igestiveday ystemsay. Eythay areyay oundfay inyay othbay eshwaterfray andyay arinemay abitatshay. Examineyay ethay astrotrichsgay onyay isplayday. Ifyay ivinglay animalsyay areyay availableyay, otenay eirthay idingglay otionmay asyay eythay "alkway" onyay eirthay iliatedcay elliesbay.

 

IGUREFAY 3.7. OSSCRAY ECTIONSAY OUGHTHRAY ETHAY IDSECTIONMAY OFyay Ayay EMALEFAY

Ascarisyay umbricoideslay, Ayay ARASITICPAY EMATODENAY.

 

EXERCISEyay 3.2 Ethay Aschelminthyay Ylaphay.

 

ATERIALSMAY EEDEDNAY:

·         Eparedpray Idesslay:

§         Ylumphay Ematodanay: emalefay (csay Ascarisyay umbricoideslay). Examplesyay ofyay otheryay ematodesnay: ookwormshay (Ecatornay americanusyay), inwormspay (Enterobiusyay ermicularisvay), andyay encystedyay Ichinellatray iralisspay.

§         Ylumphay Otiferaray: Ilodinaphay spay.

§         Ivinglay Aterialmay:

§         Ylumphay Ematodanay: inegarvay eelsyay (Urbatrixtay acetiyay).

§         Ylumphay Otiferray: Ilodinaphay spay.

§         Issectionday Ecimensspay:

§         Ylumphay Ematodanay: Ascarisyay umbricoideslay.

§         Eservedpray Emonstrationday Aterialmay:

§         Ylumphay Ematodanay: Intestinesyay ofyay omesticday animalsyay openedyay otay owshay ematodenay arasitespay.

§         Ompoundcay andyay issectingday icroscopesmay, issectingday anspay, inspay, issectingday eedlesnay, issorsscay, orcepsfay, idesslay, overcay ipsslay, andyay OtoSlopray.

 

 

            Ethay aschelminthsyay areyay anyay assemblageyay ofyay eparatesay ylaphay ithway omesay ommoncay aracteristicschay. Allyay areyay eudocoelomatespsay, avehay anyay externalyay uticlecay andyay ariousvay ecializationsspay ofyay ethay anterioryay endyay (especiallyyay ethay arynxphay). Iliationcay isyay educedray oryay absentyay, andyay ostmay avehay ayay ompletecay igestiveday acttray. Atyay oneyay imetay ethay aschelminthsyay ereway oupedgray ogethertay asyay ayay inglesay ylumphay (Ylumphay Aschelminthesyay), utbay eythay areyay ownay ecognizedray asyay eingbay eparatesay ylaphay.

 

OCEDUREPRAY:

1. Ylumphay Ematodanay: Ajormay Internalyay Ucturesstray. Embersmay ofyay ethay Ylumphay Ematodanay areyay ommonlycay ownknay asyay "oundwormsray." Ostmay areyay ee-livingfray andyay ancay ebay oundfay inyay earlynay anyyay abitathay (omfray ottingray uitfray otay arcticyay oilssay). Omesay embersmay ofyay isthay ylumphay areyay arasiticpay, andyay esethay avehay ivengay ethay ylumphay ayay otlay ofyay adbay esspray, incesay eythay areyay ethay animalsyay usuallyyay overedcay. Ascarisyay umbricoideslay isyay oneyay ofyay ethay estbay ownknay ofyay ethay arasiticpay ematodesnay. Alesmay andyay emalesfay ivelay inyay ethay intestinesyay ofyay umanshay erewhay eythay azegray onyay intestinalyay ontentscay. Eggsyay asspay outyay ithway ethay ecesfay andyay, ifyay eythay ontaminatecay oodfay, areyay introducedyay otay anotheryay osthay. Ethay arvaelay atchhay outyay inyay ethay intestineyay ofyay ethay ewnay osthay andyay enthay urrowbay oughthray ethay allsway otay ebay arriedcay ybay ethay oodstreamblay otay ethay ungslay. Atyay ethay ungslay eythay urrowbay oughthray ethay alveoliyay andyay awlcray upyay ethay acheatray andyay ownday ethay esophagusyay. Arvaelay usuallyyay urrowbay outyay ofyay ethay ungslay atyay ightnay andyay areyay unknowinglyyay allowedsway ybay ethay osthay. Occasionallyyay arvaelay etgay ostlay andyay awlcray upyay ethay esophagusyay andyay exityay atyay ethay osenay. Inyay omesay areasyay ofyay ethay orldway Ascarisyay isyay osay ommoncay atthay ayay ildchay isyay otnay onsideredcay otay ebay artpay ofyay ethay ibetray untilyay ayay arvalay isyay eezedsnay outyay andyay oundfay inyay ethay edbay.

 

AUTIONCAY: Ascarisyay umbricoideslay eggsyay areyay esistantray otay emicalchay eatmenttray. Althoughyay it'syay unlikelyyay, omesay eggsyay aymay urvivesay immersionyay inyay eservativespray orfay ortshay eriodspay. Orfay isthay easonray youay ouldshay eepkay youray andshay awayyay omfray youray outhmay andyay osenay ilewhay erformingpay isthay issectionday. Ashway youray andshay afterwardyay.

 

            Useyay orcepsfay otay emoveray anyay Ascarisyay omfray itsyay oragestay arjay. Examineyay ethay endsyay ofyay youray animalyay underyay ayay agnifyingmay assglay oryay issectingday icroscopemay andyay identifyyay ethay eethray anterioryay ipslay (Igurefay 3.6). Inpay youray animalyay otay oneyay idesay ofyay ayay issectingday anpay (otnay inyay ethay entercay, oryay elseyay youay aymay otnay ebay ableyay otay iewvay ityay underyay ayay issectingday icroscopemay). Useyay ayay issectingday eedlenay otay entlygay eartay ethay animalyay openyay alongyay itsyay engthlay (ey'llthay "unzipyay"; youay on'tday eednay otay useyay ayay alpelscay oryay issorsscay). On'tday ogay ootay eepday oryay youay aymay estroyday ethay underlyingyay organsyay. Aceplay inspay alongyay ethay animal'syay engthlay otay oldhay ethay odybay avitycay (ayay eudocoelompsay) openyay andyay exposeyay ethay organyay ystemssay. Ethay internalyay organsyay ofyay eservedpray Ascarisyay areyay eryvay elicateday. Ebay entlegay enwhay ovingmay emthay oryay ey'llthay eartay ooselay. Ocatelay ethay ompletecay igestiveday ystemsay artingstay ithway ayay uscularmay iradiatetray arynxphay, ollowedfay ybay ayay inthay, ibbonlikeray intestineyay andyay erminatedtay ybay ethay itlikeslay anusyay (Igurefay 3.6). Useyay issorsscay otay ipsnay oughthray ethay arynxphay atyay itsyay approximateyay idpointmay. Arefullycay iftlay ethay exposedyay endyay otay observeyay ethay Y-shapeday openingyay atyay ethay entercay ofyay ethay arynxphay. Isthay ucturestray increasesyay ethay uctioningsay efficiencyyay ofyay ethay arynxphay (Ascarisyay inkdray uidsflay inyay eirthay ost'shay intestinesyay). Excretoryyay analscay (aterallay ineslay) ickpay upyay ellularcay asteway andyay excreteyay ityay otay ethay outsideyay atyay excretoryyay orespay (ocatedlay atyay ethay anterioryay endyay ofyay ethay animalyay; youay obablypray on'tway ebay ableyay otay indfay esethay). Allyay otheryay ucturesstray areyay elatedray otay eproductionray. Ethay argerlay animalsyay ithway ethay aightstray ailstay areyay emalesfay. Ethay inthay onesyay ithway ookedhay ailstay areyay alesmay. Identifyyay ethay exsay ofyay youray ecimenspay. Oneyay ofyay youray eighborsnay ouldshay avehay anyay animalyay ofyay ethay oppositeyay exsay (adetray ithway emthay afteryay youay areyay inishedfay ithway youray issectionday osay atthay youay eesay othbay ayay alemay andyay emalefay).

§         Emalefay Ascarisyay umbricoideslay: Ocatelay ethay enitalgay orepay, ayay itlikeslay openingyay aboutyay ayay irdthay ofyay ethay ayway ownday omfray ethay anterioryay endyay andyay onnectedcay otay ayay ortshay aginavay (youay aymay indfay ityay easieryay otay ocatelay ethay aginavay insideyay ethay animalyay, andyay enthay ooklay onyay ethay outsideyay orfay ethay enitalgay orepay). Ethay aginavay eadslay otay ayay airpay ofyay uteriyay. Atyay ethay endyay ofyay eachyay uterineyay egmentsay, ayay inthay oviductyay ancay ebay eensay, ollowedfay ybay ethay eadlikethray ovariesyay (ovariesyay areyay ethay innestthay ofyay ethay otway eadsthray). Eggsyay areyay oducedpray ybay eiosismay ithinway ethay ovariesyay. Eythay enthay ovemay alongyay ethay oviductsyay otay ethay uterusyay. Ilewhay omesay aturationmay ofyay ethay eggsyay occursyay ithinway ethay oviductsyay, ertilizationfay akestay aceplay inyay ethay uterusyay. Adetray ithway ayay eighbornay ifyay you'veay otnay eensay ayay alemay.

§         Alemay Ascarisyay umbricoideslay: Ethay anusyay ervessay asyay othbay ethay excretoryyay andyay eproductiveray orepay. Ethay opulatorycay iculespay (ayay ooklikehay appendageyay usedyay otay oldhay ethay emale'sfay enitalgay orepay openyay) ouldshay ebay eensay earnay ethay edgeyay ofyay ethay anusyay (ifyay otnay, applyyay ayay ittlelay essurepray ithway ayay untblay obepray otay ethay ale'smay osteriorpay otay extrudeyay andyay exposeyay ethay iculespay). Ocatelay ethay intestineyay. Atyay ethay osteriorpay endyay ofyay ethay intestineyay you'llay indfay ayay anchbray. Ethay areayay elowbay ethay anchbray isyay ethay oacaclay (onnectedcay otay ethay anusyay onyay ethay outsideyay). Ethay oacaclay ervessay asyay ayay ommoncay ollectingcay areayay orfay ecalfay aterialmay omfray ethay intestineyay andyay ermatozoaspay omfray ethay eminalsay esiclevay (ethay ickthay organyay onnectedcay otay ethay intestineyay atyay ethay oacaclay). Ayay ortshay ejaculatoryyay uctday isyay ocatedlay atyay ethay endyay ofyay ethay eminalsay esiclevay (atyay ethay ointpay erewhay ityay oinsjay ethay oacaclay). Ethay elativelyray ickthay ubestay attachedyay otay ethay eminalsay esiclevay areyay ethay asvay eferensday. Ethay inestfay ofyay ethay eadsthray areyay ethay estestay. Ermspay areyay oducedpray inyay ethay estistay andyay eythay aturemay asyay eythay ovemay alongyay ethay asvay eferensday otay ethay eminalsay esiclevay. Uringday opulationcay, ethay ermspay enteryay ethay oacaclay ybay ayway ofyay ethay ejaculatoryyay uctday eforebay eingbay epositedday inyay ethay emalefay. Ematodenay ermspay areyay unusualyay ecausebay eythay areyay amoeboidyay (otnay agellatedflay). Iagramday andyay abellay ethay alemay eproductiveray ystemsay asyay eensay inyay youray ecimenspay (Esultsray Ectionsay).

2. Icroscopicmay Ucturestray ofyay ayay Ematodenay (Ascarisyay umbricoideslay). Examineyay ayay osscray ectionsay ofyay ayay emalefay Ascarisyay underyay anscay andyay owlay owerpay (Igurefay 3.7). Ethay uticlecay isyay esistantray otay intestinalyay enzymesyay andyay isyay epositedday ybay ethay underlyingyay ypodermishay. Usclesmay areyay arrangedyay ongitudinallylay (eythay unray alongyay ethay onglay axisyay ofyay ethay odybay). Ethay absenceyay ofyay ircularcay usclesmay isyay artlypay esponsibleray orfay ethay undulatoryyay ovementsmay atthay areyay aracteristicchay ofyay ematodesnay. Alsoyay otenay ethay aterallay ineslay andyay eirthay oseclay associationyay ithway ethay eudocoelompsay. Exceptyay orfay ethay intestineyay, ostmay ofyay ethay eudocoelompsay isyay occupiedyay ybay eproductiveray ucturesstray. Ethay uteriyay areyay easilyyay ecognizedray ecausebay ey'rethay illedfay ithway eggsyay. Oviductsyay ancay ebay istinguishedday omfray ovariesyay ybay ethay esencepray ofyay anyay openyay analcay atyay ethay entercay.

3. Examinationyay ofyay ayay Ee-livingfray Ematodenay. Emoveray inegarvay eelsyay (Urbatrixtay acetiyay) omfray eirthay ulturecay ialvay andyay ansfertray emthay otay ayay ideslay ithway ethay uppliedsay opperdray. Utpay ayay overcay ipslay onyay ethay ideslay andyay observeyay underyay anscay andyay owlay owerpay. Inegarvay eelsyay areyay otnay arasiticpay. Escribeday eirthay otionmay inyay ethay Esultsray Ectionsay.

4. Ylumphay Ematodanay: Examinationyay ofyay Emonstrationday Aterialmay. Ifyay otheryay ematodesnay (eservedpray, ivinglay, oryay eparedpray asyay idesslay) areyay availableyay onyay emonstrationday, examineyay esethay additionalyay ecimensspay andyay ecordray eirthay ucturestray. Intestinesyay ofyay omesticday animalsyay infestedyay ithway ematodesnay andyay eparedpray idesslay ofyay ookwormshay (Ecatornay americanusyay), inwormspay (Enterobiusyay ermicularisvay), andyay encystedyay ipwormswhay (Ichinellatray iralisspay) aymay ebay eensay. Ookwormhay infectionsyay ancay ebay extremelyyay angerousday (esethay animalsyay eedfay onyay ethay intestinalyay allsway), ilewhay atthay ofyay ethay inwormpay isyay ostlymay anyay annoyanceyay otay arentspay ofyay youngay ildrenchay. Adultyay ipwormswhay ivelay inyay ethay intestinalyay allsway, andyay eirthay arvaelay areyay arriedcay oughthray ethay irculatorycay ystemsay otay eletalskay usclesmay. Erethay ethay arvaelay encystyay (eavyhay infestationsyay ausecay usclemay ainpay andyay u-likeflay ymptomssay eway allcay ichinosistray). Ifyay ethay infectedyay eatmay isyay eatenyay, ethay arvaelay areyay assedpay onyay otay ayay ewnay osthay.

5. Ylumphay Otiferaray. Embersmay ofyay ethay Ylumphay Otiferaray areyay allsmay iliatedcay organismsyay oundfay ainlymay inyay eshwaterfray. Eparepray ayay etway ountmay ofyay ivinglay otifersray andyay examineyay underyay owlay andyay ighhay owerpay (Igurefay 3.8). Ifyay youray animalsyay ovemay ootay uicklyqay, applyyay ayay opdray ofyay Otoslopray otay ethay ideslay. Observeyay andyay ecordray eirthay awlingcray ocomotionlay, immingsway, elescopingtay ovementsmay, andyay ethay activityyay ofyay ethay iliacay atyay ethay anterioryay endyay ofyay ethay animalyay. Ethay iliatedcay eelwhay organyay (oronacay) isyay aracteristicchay ofyay isthay ylumphay andyay isyay usedyay othbay asyay ayay ocomotorylay andyay eedingfay eviceday. Allsmay organismsyay areyay appedtray inyay ethay urrentscay andyay unneledfay intoyay ethay uscularmay arynxphay (oryay astaxmay; otenay ethay "ewingchay" otionsmay ofyay isthay ucturestray). Omfray ethay astaxmay, oodfay isyay assedpay onyay otay ayay ominentpray omachstay, ayay ortshay intestineyay, andyay enthay ethay oacaclay. Uchmay ofyay ethay emainderray ofyay ethay eudocoelompsay isyay occupiedyay ybay ethay ovariesyay. Inyay omesay eciesspay, onlyyay emalesfay areyay esentpray andyay eproductionray isyay oughthray ethay ocesspray ofyay arthenogenesispay. Otheryay eciesspay avehay iminutiveday alesmay oundfay uringday onlyyay artpay ofyay ethay yearay. Ethay otheryay ucturesstray areyay estbay observedyay omfray ayay eparedpray ideslay. Etractorray usclesmay alongyay ethay ongitudinallay axisyay areyay esponsibleray orfay ethay elescopingtay otionsmay youay ouldshay avehay eensay inyay ethay ivinglay animalyay. Ementcay andsglay earnay ethay osteriorpay oducepray anyay adhesiveyay otay attachyay ethay animalyay otay ayay ubstratumsay ybay itsyay ootfay.

6. Otheryay Aschelminthsyay. Embersmay ofyay otheryay eudocoelomatepsay ylaphay aymay ebay onyay isplayday. Examineyay esethay ecimensspay asyay equiredray ybay youray instructoryay. Ossiblepay ylaphay includeyay Ematomorphanay ("orsehairhay ormsway"; adultsyay areyay ee-livingfray, utbay ethay arvaelay areyay arasiticpay onyay arthropodsyay), andyay Ylumphay Acanthocephalayay (ethay "iny-headedspay ormsway"; internalyay arasitespay ofyay ertebratesvay).