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Genetics and Degrees of Relatedness
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Normal ants reproduce through the pathways shown by grey arrows. Each circle represents a gene (male, blue; female, red or pink). a, Males are produced from unfertilized eggs and therefore have one copy of each gene. b, Females come from fertilized eggs that can develop into either (c) reproductive gynes or (d) sterile workers. Fournier et al.1 conclude that W. auropunctata has subtracted two pathways (green X's) and added two clonal pathways (green arrows). e, Gynes are genetically identical to queens, whereas (f) males effectively come from other males, probably by eliminating the maternal genome. The only old pathway remaining is the sexual production of sterile workers.
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