Figure 1. Energy and nutrient flow in an ecosystem
Figure 1. Energy and nutrient flow in an ecosystem
| Gross Annual Production | GAP =
 10 -
01 |
| Net Annual Production | NAP =
 1 -
21 -
41. |
| Net Community Production | NCP = (1) |
| Secondary Productivity | SP =
2 +
3 +
4 |
| Energy Transfer from one level to another | i,ji/i,h |
| Total Community Respiration | R =
01 +
02 +
03 +
04. |
| Schrdinger ratio | S° = P/R |
Table 1. Summary of energy relationships.
| ECOSYSTEM | PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY g/m2/year |
| TROPICAL CORAL REEF | 2000 |
| TROPICAL RAIN FOREST | 2000 |
| ESTUARY | 2000 |
| MARSH AND SWAMP | 2000 |
| TEMPERATE FOREST | 1300 |
| AGRICULTURAL FIELD | 650 |
| GRASSLAND | 550 |
| LAKE/STREAM | 500 |
| OPEN OCEAN | 125 |
| TUNDRA | 10 |
| DESERT | 3 |
Table 2. Productivity for several ecosystems.
| Ecosystem | Area (106 m2) | GPP (kcal/m2/yr) | Worldwide GPP (1016 kcal/yr) |
| Open ocean | 326 | 1000 | 32.6 |
| Estuaries & reefs | 2.0 | 20000 | 4.0 |
| Terrestrial | |||
| Deserts & tundra | 40 | 200 | .8 |
| Grasslands & pastures | 42 | 2500 | 10.5 |
| Cultivated (3rd world) | 10 | 3000 | 3.0 |
| Cultivated(Fuel- subsidized) | 4.0 | 12000 | 4.8 |
| Temperate forest | 4.9 | 8000 | 3.9 |
| Tropical forest | 14.7 | 20000 | 29.0 |
Table 3. Estimated World-Wide Gross Annual Production
Figure 2. Summary of productivity and energy relationships between two trophic levels.
Figure 3. Relationship between the grazing and detritus food chain..
Figure 4. Energy losses at a trophic level.
Figure 5. Energy losses from one trophic level to another.
Figure 6. An energy or biomass pyramid.
Figure 7. Pyramids of numbers
Figure 8. Relationship between primary productivity and respiration.
Figure 9. Energy flows through, but materials are recycled.
Figure 10. The relationship between the environmental and organismic phases of nutrient
recycling.
Figure 11. Carbon cycle
Figure 12. Nitrogen cycle.
Figure 12. Movement of materials in the environment
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Figure 13. Global Biome distribution.
Figure 14. Global biodiversity of vascular plants
COMMUNITIES |
YEAR |
| Crabgrass colonizes first (lives well in hot, dry soils). Field mice and insects move in. This is the pioneer community. | 0-1 |
| Tall grasses move in and shade out the crabgrass. Grasses and herbaceous plants dominate along with mice, insects, rabbits, and see-eating birds. | 1-3 |
| Pine seeds settle (adapted to sunny, dry fields) | 3-10 |
| Pines grow up and shade out the grasses and herbaceous plants. Squirrels and chipmunks invade the wooded habitat | 10-30 |
| With all the shade, there's no undergrowth and pine seedlings can't get enough sun to get by. Shade-tolerant hardwoods begin to occupy the understory. | 30-70 |
| Hardwoods continue to grow, eventually shading out the pines. The hardwood forest is the climax community. | 70+ |
Table 4. Secondary succession of an abandoned field
Figure 15. Similarities among geographically-isolated habitats with a Mediterranean
climate.