Hominid Evolution Summary (A Detailed Version is HERE)

A Version with Just Pix is HERE

species	Time Period	cranial cap (cc)	height	jaw & teeth	face	other
Sahelanthropus tchadensis	6-7 mybp	350	?	small canines	low forehead, brow ridge	may be closest common ancestor to chimps gracile A comparison of ape-like vs. human-like skulls
Australopithecus afarensis	3.0-3.9 mybp	375-550	3'6"- 5'	small canines, jaw intermediate	low forehead, flat nose, no chin, brow ridge	sexually dimorphic gracile, "Lucy" See the Latoli footprints here See brain size here
Australopithecus africanus	2-3 mybp	485-625	4'	parabolic jaw reduced canines	panned, brow ridges present, protruding jaw	gracile. There is a suggestion that some material may be as little as 1 my old (!) may have used sticks and stones as digging tools
Paranthropus robustus	1.5-2.0 mybp	530	4'	small front teeth, large back	panned no forehead, small sagittal crest	robust, may have used bones as digging tools, some classify as genus Australopithicus See this too
Paranthropus boisei	1.1-2.1 mybp	530	4'	larger than robustus with anterior teeth reduction	sagittal crest, low forehead, panned face	robust, some classify as genus Australopithicus. Sexual dimorphism is reduced. Fed on hard, low-quality foods
Homo habilis	1.5-2.4 mybp	500-800	5'	human-like	protruding jaws, large molars, no chin, brow ridge, long low skull	Broca's area from brain cast (more here), tool making, may be several species including Homo rudolfensis NOTE: Some researchers question if habilis is a direct human ancestor. Had a precision grip. "Handy man" did not use fire
Homo erectus	1.8 mybp - 300,000	750-1225	5'	human-like	protruding jaws, large molars, no chin, brow ridge, long low skull	probably used fire, efficient stone tools, first to leave Africa and migrated to Asia and Europe. Generally considered to be a direct human ancestor. See fire and tools here
Homo neanderthalensis	230,000-30,000 ybp	1450	5'6"	human-like	low brain case with protrusion at rear, protruding jaw, weak chin and forehead	buried their dead, advanced tools, music, not brute-like (even worse) See this too
Homo floresiensis	to 18,000 ybp	360	~ 3'3"	human like with robust lower jaw	Small slightly elongated skull with small brow ridges. Weak chin.	Probably evolved from H. erectus in Indonesia. Limited habitat and isolation led to extraordinarily stature. This is NOT a pigmy.
Homo sapiens	120,000 ybp	1350		human-like	small or absent brow ridges, high forehead	art, music, beads, tools, cave paintings

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